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Chapter 2— The Social Underpinnings of Terrorism TRUE/FALSE Criminals become involved in terrorist groups for economic gain, and they have a low level of commitment to a cause ANS: T REF: p 31 OBJ: REF: p 43 OBJ: REF: p 38 OBJ: and It is not necessary for terrorists groups to be isolated from mainstream society for social acceptance to work ANS: F OBJ: Counter-terrorism efforts need to share information over broad geographical regions to be successful ANS: T REF: p 31 Radicalization is the process that changes a person’s socially acceptable behavior into terrorism ANS: T OBJ: Terrorist organizations can be modeled mathematically and projected by computer simulations ANS: T REF: p 28 Terrorism develops when a group with inferior power moves against a superior group, inducing mass civilian casualties ANS: T OBJ: Terrorism is a social process ANS: T REF: p 28 REF: p 39 OBJ: Research suggests that economic factors not play a role in justifying terrorist violence ANS: F REF: p 39 OBJ: 48 Violent political extremists are considered to present the most dangerous of all potential threats ANS: T 10 OBJ: REF: p 41 OBJ: REF: p 43 OBJ: Prison sentences, negotiations, concessions, and the threat of death are effective in reducing the attachments such people feel toward their group’s purpose ANS: F 15 REF: p 31 Alienation is the process that changes a person’s socially acceptable behavior into Terrorism ANS: F 14 OBJ: When governments fail to address the socio-economic pressures of its citizenry, the likelihood of terrorism increases ANS: T 13 REF: p 35 Nodes are critical targets for counterterrorist operations ANS: T 12 OBJ: Statistics have shown that religious terrorist groups killed more people with fewer attacks than secular terrorists ANS: T 11 REF: p 40 REF: p 29 OBJ: 1, 3, and A 2004 study by Marc Sageman shows that a majority of al Qaeda members were radicalized in the West and had no prior history of violence ANS: T REF: p 42 OBJ: MULTIPLE CHOICE Theories about terrorism in the _ focus on the interpretation individuals and groups give to the actions of others as well as their own actions a Meaning framework b Structural framework c Secular framework d Political framework ANS: a REF: p 29 OBJ: LO1 Juergensmeyer sees the clash between _as one of the reasons for terrorism a Capitalism and poverty b Education and income c Modern values and traditional culture d Christianity and Islam ANS: c REF: p 29 OBJ: and 49 Of the top twenty currently active religious terrorist organizations in the world, the majority are based upon a militarized version of which religion? a Judaism b Islam c Buddhism d Catholicism ANS: b REF: p 31 OBJ: 1, and REF: p 33 OBJ: The _ is the critical target for counterterrorism a Node b Unit c Mode d Cell ANS: a OBJ: and When religious groups feel they must purify the world for a new epoch, such thinking is termed a Violent eschatology b Peaceful eschatology c Religious eschatology d Fanatic eschatology ANS: a REF: p 30 _ is defined as the idea that social constructs are based on systems that provide order a Meaning framework b Structural framework c Organizational framework d Functional framework ANS: b OBJ: is a social science theory based on the assumption that human beings take action based on the subjective meanings they attribute to social settings a Theory of action b Theory of meaning c Theory of society d Theory of subjectivity ANS: a REF: p 35 REF: p 31 OBJ: _ refers to one network fighting another network a Interwar b Netwar c Group battle d Net battle ANS: b REF: p 52 OBJ: 50 _ religions were based on the premise that a deity would help the community in times of crisis a Killing b Non-killing c Primitive d Civilized ANS: a 10 REF: p 39 OBJ: REF: p 34 OBJ: With religious terrorism, the struggle must be a _ struggle; that is, the outcome of the struggle will lead to a new relationship between good and evil a Secular b Cosmic c Sacred d Profane ANS: b 14 OBJ: It can be argued that religion often helps to produce the , a person striking out with an ideology but no group a Crazed avenger b Solitary avenger c Independent avenger d Lone wolf avenger ANS: d 13 REF: p 33 Jerrold Post reports that radicalization is passed on through _ a Social processes b Generations c Missionary activity d Political groups ANS: b 12 OBJ: In the killing religions, _ slaughtered enemies a No one b Military c Women d Gods ANS: d 11 REF: p 33 REF: p 34 OBJ: According to John Horgan, _ refers to the psychological and social factors that motivate people to join and remain in terrorist groups a Routes to terrorism b Social geometry c Religious indoctrination d Structural factors ANS: a REF: p 43 OBJ: 51 15 _ criminology focuses on the common actions of lawbreakers a Practical b Political c Legal d Historical ANS: a 16 REF: p 37 OBJ: and REF: p 39 OBJ: and Which of the following is NOT one of Ross’s (1999) five identified factors involved in the development of terrorism: a Learning opportunities b Frustration/narcissism-aggression c Cost-Benefit Analysis d Race ANS: d 20 OBJ: 2, and The _ becomes the primary source of social reality for individual terrorists a Terrorist leader b Terrorist group c Larger society d Religious leader ANS: b 19 REF: p 36 Terrorists may select targets of opportunity, but the target has a primarily value a Financial b Religious c Symbolic d Military ANS: c 18 OBJ: Who are usually the first government agents on the scene of a terrorist incident? a Local police officials b The JTTF c HomelandSecurity d The FBI ANS: a 17 REF: p 36 REF: p 41 OBJ: Two schools of thought dominate the scholarly literature on terrorism One group tends to focus on the meaning of activity, and the other school looks at the _ e Structure of action b Political implications c Social implications d Religious ideology ANS: a REF: p 29 OBJ: 52 21 Approaches to understanding terrorist behavior by looking at the way organizations function can be called a a Meaning framework b Tactical framework c Applied framework d Structural framework ANS: d 22 REF: p 50 OBJ: REF: p 52 OBJ: LO8 is considered a founding father of criminology a Max Weber b Bruce Hoffman c Cesare Beccaria d Karl Marx ANS: c 26 OBJ: According to the text, terrorists achieve social justification for their actions by group reinforcement, ideology, and a Symbols b Finances c Media d Promotion ANS: a 25 REF: p 45 According to Huntington, _ refers to the cultural conflicts among the world’s eight dominant civilizations a Clash of civilizations b Cultural paradigms c Social processes d Radicalization ANS: a 24 OBJ: and Johnny Ryan (2007) posits that radicalization is the result of “Four Ps:” persecution, precedent, piety, and a Pacifism b Perseverance c Palatability d Paltriness ANS: b 23 REF: p 31 REF: p 36 OBJ: and Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of social geometry of terrorism according to Black? a An ability to travel b An aggrieved party c A process of structural procedures d An access to weapons ANS: c REF: p 31 OBJ: 53 27 The _ is a federal agency created in 2004 to integrate all information gathered on international terrorism a Department of HomelandSecurity b Federation of Law Enforcement c National Counterterrorism Center d Joint Terrorism Task Forces ANS: c 28 OBJ: REF: p 37 OBJ: 3, and International terrorism took long to develop as it was inhibited by a Government b Geography c Military d Religious leaders ANS: b 31 REF: p 42 _ and _ are the primary influences upon single event terrorists such as suicide bombers a Politics, cultural paradigms b Religion, economics c Social structure, ideology d Ideology, religion ANS: d 30 OBJ: Ross (1999) posits that the more facilitating traits a person exhibits, the more likely that the person will engage in terrorism His list of facilitating traits include: fear, anger, depression, guilt, antisocial behavior, a strong ego, the need for excitement, and a Bravery b A feeling of being lost c Integrity d Benevolence ANS: b 29 REF: p 50 REF: p 31 OBJ: Which of the following al Qaeda membership profiles is INCORRECT as identified by Marc Sageman’s 2004 study? a Members were almost exclusively male and were radicalized in the West b Most members came from the lower class families c They had no history of violence d Few members had arrest records ANS: b REF: p 42 OBJ: 4, 5, and 54 32 Which of the following is NOT a basis for one of the three dominant models surrounding research in radicalization? a Social and economic deprivation b Long-term learning c Psychological interpretations d Political oppression ANS: d 33 ANS: a 37 ANS: a OBJ: REF: p 46 OBJ: Which of the following is NOT one of the three major identifications of prison radicalization “converts”? a Islamic extremism b Christian extremists who use selected biblical passages to justify their views c White supremacists who have adopted the Norse pantheon d Left-wing extremism ANS: d 36 REF: p 46 A prison inmate joining a radical terrorist group out of fear is referred to as a convert a Crisis b Protection-seeking c Free-world d Searching ANS: b 35 OBJ: Who conducted the 2007 definitive study of prison radicalization in the United States? a Mark Hamm b Marc Sageman c Michael King d Donald Taylor ANS: d 34 REF: p 46 REF: p 47 OBJ: The New York Times reports that most international attacks against the United States in the twenty-first century have come from (Mackey, 2010) a Well-educated terrorists from the middle class b Poorly-educated terrorists from the middle class c Well-educated terrorists from the upper class d Poorly-educated terrorists from the lower class REF: p 49 OBJ: 3, 4, 5, 8, and Which of the following is NOT a descriptor of persons at-risk for radicalization according to Sageman’s six-step model? a Well socialized youth b Seek orientation in religion c Their religion is militarized d They encounter an actor who knows terrorists REF: p 49 OBJ: 3, 4, 5, 8, and 55 38 _ religions developed during the food-gathering cycles of pre-agrarian and early agricultural societies a Killing b Non-killing c Cosmic d Terrestrial ANS: a 39 REF: p 33 The most difficult type of terrorists to deter or detain are a Lone-wolf avengers b Jihadists c Separatist revolutionaries d Narco-terrorists ANS: a 40 OBJ: 3, 6, and REF: p 34 OBJ: 3, 5, 6, 7, and Nationalistic movements produce terrorists from the lower classes - religious terrorists come from classes a Upper b Middle c Lower d All ANS: d REF: p 41 OBJ: 5, 8, and Case 2.0 Bodrero (2002) says terrorist behavior differs from standard patterns of criminal behavior because terrorists are highly motivated and loyal to a particular cause Whereas ordinary criminals are opportunistic, terrorists are focused They may select targets of opportunity, but the target has a symbolic value Terrorists use crime to make a symbolic statement about a political cause 41 After conferring with several like-minded extremists, a suspect places a bomb under the seat of local politician The suspect would most accurately be classed as a (n) _ a Criminal b Terrorist c Lone-wolf avenger d Anarchist ANS: b 42 REF: p 37 OBJ: A reclusive individual leaves home following a television documentary on the biblical sins of man over the ages He decides to shoot randomly at persons in his neighborhood as he claims he was inspired by the show to “cleanse the area” The suspect would most accurately be classed as a (n) _ a Criminal b Terrorist c Lone-wolf avenger d Anarchist ANS: c REF: p 37 OBJ: and 56 43 A group of armed and dangerous teenagers are returning home late at night and come across several seemingly unoccupied homes They enter one home and before taking numerous valuable, spray paint racial slurs on the walls The suspects would most accurately be classed as a(n) _ a Criminal b Terrorist c Lone-wolf avenger d Anarchist ANS: a 44 REF: p 37 OBJ: and Buford Furrow (entered a Jewish day care center in August 1999 and began shooting people) would most accurately be classed as a(n) _ a Criminal b Terrorist c Lone-wolf avenger d Anarchist ANS: c REF: p 37 OBJ: and Case 2.1 Many law enforcement agencies, including the Behavioral Science Unit in the FBI, have attempted to develop practical models for profiling terrorists based on individual psychological characteristics They work to assess and/or classify potential terrorists and terrorist threats A practical example of such classification systems comes from the United Kingdom Police officials there make practical decisions based on profiles of terrorists and the classification of each incident When faced with an act of terrorism, the local ranking police official makes an assessment of the event If it is classified as a criminal activity or the result of a mentally deranged individual, the local police commander handles the incident If the commander deems the action to be the result of political terrorism, the central government is informed, and the incident is handled on the prime minister’s level In addition, if the level of the threat is sufficiently high, the matter may be referred to the national government.NARREND 45 A local police station receives a call of a drive-by shooting in the neighborhood The witness reports recognizing the suspect car as a local gang member and the victim - a 12 year old girl According to the UK classification system outlined in the above scenario, who (or at what level) would handle the incident? a National government b The local police commander c Central government d Prime Minister level ANS: b REF: p 40 OBJ: 57 46 The Prime Minister’s executive secretary receives a letter in the mail that calls her derogatory terms a National government b The local police commander c Central government d Prime Minister level ANS: d 47 OBJ: Several local government offices begin to receive a series of anthrax laden packages in the mail a National government b The local police commander c Central government d Prime Minister level ANS: a 48 REF: p 40 REF: p 40 OBJ: Blueprints of a main water supply plant and several gallons of toxic chemicals are discovered in a university dorm a National government b The local police commander c Central government d Prime Minister level ANS: a REF: p 40 OBJ: Case 2.2 Assume that you are assigned to patrol within a mid-size American police agency of 120 personnel You and your partners have recently been trained in the Sageman’s six-step model for radicalization Recall that this is: (1) alienated youth, (2) join other alienated youths, (3) they seek orientation in religion, (4) their religion is militarized, (5) they encounter an actor who knows terrorists, and (6) the actor introduces them to the terrorists and they join As there are many differing paths to radicalization, there are many models to consider For the purposes of this scenario, we are using Sageman’s model for illustrative purposes You are on your first day post-training and are now looking for these behavioral patterns during investigations and routine patrol operations In each of the following scenarios, how many of the six indicators exist? 49 Ellen, student council president, leaves her gymnastics class that she has attended with her best friend since childhood, to spend some time by herself in the library researching Buddhism She meets Karen, a loner and terrorist (unbeknownst to Ellen), who suggests that she extend her research to include Islam Ellen does and over time the two become friends a Four b One c Five d Six ANS: a REF: p 49-50 OBJ: 5, and 58 50 George is a young African-American inmate serving time in Folsom after living a difficult life moving from foster home to foster home, never really connecting with anyone or bonding with another individual Having just returned from serving extended periods of time in administrative segregation, George is feeling angry and wants revenge He is approached in the yard by another inmate who suggests that he seek the counsel of Raffi, an in-house Imam of sorts Raffi spends hours with George, sensing George’s vulnerability to suggestion – Raffi channels George’s anger, convincing him that he (George) is a victim of “the evils of West” and that George can something about it Raffi says he will show George how if George is willing to prove himself worthy George begins to spend more time reading militant Islamic writings and meeting with other converted inmates George believes he has now “found his way” and “is worthy” and seeks out Raffi for guidance on “how” Raffi then introduces him to others in the group and assigns George a “very important job” a Four b Three c Five d Six ANS: d REF: p 49-50 OBJ: 5, and Completion Psychologist Clark McCauley sees four types of personalities: revolutionaries drawn to a cause, people who wander among terrorist groups, people who have a sudden conversion experience, and people who are attracted by _ ANS: peers OBJ: REF: p 39 OBJ: - Juergensmeyer sees the clash between and traditional culture as one of the reasons for terrorism ANS: modern values REF: p 39 The text points to the lack of quantitative and qualitative studies as one of the current weaknesses in terrorism research ANS: behavioral OBJ: and For social acceptance to work, terrorist groups must be _from mainstream society ANS: isolated REF: p 40 REF: p 29 OBJ: Any point where information, weapons, or personnel are gathered or exchanged is called a ANS: node REF: p 31 59 OBJ: , as used in the text, refers to the psychological process of adopting extremist positions ANS: radicalization OBJ: REF: p 37 OBJ: and REF: p 41 OBJ: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and According to theory, sub-national criminal, terrorist, or revolutionary groups organize themselves in a network of smaller logistical structures, groups, or command posts ANS: Netwar 12 REF: p 31 Jeffrey Ian Ross (1999) believes that five interconnected processes are involved in terrorism: joining the group, forming the activity, remaining in the campaign, leading the organization, and ANS: engaging in acts of terrorism 11 OBJ: The creation of _ Forces allows the FBI to coordinate law enforcement resources in the face of domestic terrorismand to expand investigations ANS: Joint Terrorism Task 10 REF: p 29 _is the social space occupied by a structure and the direction in which it moves ANS: Social geometry OBJ: is the social construct providing definitional boundaries for a particular social meaning ANS: meaning framework REF: p 43 REF: p 31 - 32 OBJ: Donald Black (2004) states that all groups, including terrorist organizations, take action because they belong to a structure that operates for a specific purpose, a concept he calls ANS: Social geometry REF: p 31 OBJ: and 13 Although there are many approaches to the study of social explanations of group behavior, two schools of thought dominate the scholarly literature on terrorism One group tends to focus on the meaning of activity, and the other school looks at the ANS: structure of action REF: p 29 OBJ: 14 The _were the last great Islamic empire ANS: Ottoman Turks REF: p 30 60 OBJ: 15 Terrorism develops when a group with inferior power moves against a superior group, Inducing _ ANS: mass civilian casualties 16 REF: p 43 OBJ: In the killing religions, _ slaughtered enemies ANS: gods 18 OBJ: occurs when an individual or group becomes separated from the dominant values of society at large ANS: alienation 17 REF: p 31 REF: p 33 OBJ: has changed the face of terrorism by shrinking distances and providing weapons ANS: Technology 19 OBJ: terrorists view themselves as victorious either by killing the enemy or by dying in the struggle ANS: holy or jihadist 20 REF: p 31 REF: p 35 OBJ: 3, 6, and Chaplains outside of the prison system who spread literature and preach radicalization are referred to as _ ANS: Free-World Converters REF: p 46 OBJ: and Essay What are the common patterns of converting people in prison to violent radical causes as posited by Mark Hamm? What does Hamm say lies behind most all prison conversions? ANS:  Hamm found five common patterns of converting people to violent radical causes  Crisis convert: The first contains people in crisis, and they will respond to religious overtures for emotional support  Protection seeking convert: A second type involves people seeking protection in the prison environment; these people will convert because the radical group offers safety  Searching converts: The third group of potential converts, searchers, has had little exposure to religion, and they are fascinated by both the multiplicity of religious expressions inside prison and the feeling of belonging for members of the group  Manipulating converts: The fourth personality is common in prison; it involves manipulating people for personal gain 61    Free world converts: Hamm classifies chaplains from the outside as free world recruiters Classification of chaplains from the outside as free world recruiters Behind almost every conversion, according to Hamm, lies a friendship or kinship link, but sometimes a new inmate simply meets somebody in the yard and converts to a new faith REF: p 46-47 OBJ: 3, 5, and What is David Rapoport’s position on the influence of religion on terrorism? What is your view on the religion’s influence on terrorism? ANS:  Rapoport believes that religion has influenced terrorism because of eschatological expectations  Belief in end-of-the-age theology and the coming of a deity serves to justify violent behavior  Although this seems to separate religious and political terrorists, Rapoport argues that both sets of behavior are similar  Political ideology plays the same role for political terrorists as eschatology does for religious ones  There is little difference in behavior between secular and religious terrorists, and both types of terrorists are intensely dedicated to a cause  Stated views will vary REF: p 35 OBJ: 3, 8, and What is the difference between killing and non-killing religions? Which of these is associated with modern-day terrorism? Explain ANS:  Killing religions developed during the food-gathering cycles of pre-agrarian and early agricultural societies  They were premised on a deity helping the community in times of crisis  In the killing religions, gods slaughtered enemies  These beliefs gave way to the non-killing religions because the older, killing religions did not, in fact, protect early villages from the ravages of war and natural disasters  The non-killing religions embraced enemies and developed elaborate theologies to justify violence as a last resort  The non-killing religions appeared in order to try to transcend everyday experience  The non-killing transcendence is often transformed into a militant ideology designed to protect a state or some other social group by this rationalizing of the use of violence as a last resort  Explanations will vary REF: p 33-34 OBJ: 3, 6, and 62 Discuss Mark Juergensmeyer’s views on religious terrorism ANS:  Juergensmeyer approached several militants from differing religious traditions around the world  Discussions are categorized to find commonalities  The findings are based on the meanings his subjects attach to modernity  Terrorism is created by the meanings subjects attach to social situations producing a common pattern in religious terrorist organizations  Believers must identify with a deity and think they are participating in a cosmic struggle to change history – the outcome of the struggle will lead to a new relationship between good and evil  When they feel the struggle has reached the critical stage, violence may be endorsed andterrorism may result  The call to violence is a call to purify the world in a holy war that eliminates the nonbeliever and the incorrect interpreters of tradition  The lines of battle are clear and positions cannot be compromised  Such a war allows only one way of thinking: those people who not stand with the holy warrior are evil  The holy terrorist is victorious either by killing the enemy or dying in the struggle REF: p 34 OBJ: 3, 6, and According to Bodrero, what are the practical behavioral differences between terrorists and criminals? What is the significance of Bodrero’s argument in regard to investigative responses to terrorism? ANS:  Criminals are unfocused Terrorists focus their actions toward a goal  Criminals may live in a criminal underworld, but they are not devoted to crime as a philosophy Terrorists are dedicated to a cause  Criminals will make deals to avoid punishment Terrorists rarely cooperate with officials because they not wish to betray their cause  Criminals usually run when confronted with force Terrorists tend to attack  Criminals strike when the opportunity to so is present Terrorists strike against symbols after careful planning  Criminals rarely train for crime Terrorists prepare for and rehearse their operations  Police officers can take advantage of the behavioral characteristics of typical criminals when investigating a crime; however, these tactics not work in countering terrorism Law enforcement, military, andsecurity officials need to focus on ideology, group and individual behavior, and sharing information over broad geographical regions to successfully investigate terrorism REF: p 37-38 OBJ: and 63 Discuss the new theory in modern warfare known as Netwar ANS:  According to this theory, sub national criminal, terrorist, or revolutionary groups organize themselves in a network of smaller logistical structures, groups, or command posts  Any point where information, weapons, or personnel are gathered or exchanged is called a node  The node is the critical target for counterterrorist operations  Latora and Marchiori argue that once an organization is modeled as a network, the nodes will appear as movement is monitored  If the node is destroyed, the network is disrupted  To understand this approach to terrorist organizations, consider the traffic pattern in a major city If you monitor cars moving through the city at rush hour, you will soon find critical points where traffic must keep flowing or the city will become locked in a traffic jam The traffic pattern on the highway is like a network, and the crucial intersections, merge ramps, and expanded traffic lanes are nodes If vehicles begin clogging at a node, traffic slows or comes to a standstill at many points in the network REF: p 32-33 OBJ: Discuss Sageman’s six-step radicalization model Would you agree with this model? Why or why not? ANS:  It starts with an alienated young man  Meets other alienated young men and form bond; outdoing each other in zeal to express love for the group  They “discover” religion as a way of giving meaning to their lives  Terrorism enters the equation, if the new found religious orientation turns to violence Most groups stop at this point  They must meet a broker, an activist who knows actual terrorists, and be accepted by an actual terrorist group  Militants join terrorists as a group decision  Views will vary REF: p 44 OBJ: and According to Brock Blomberg, Gregory Hess, and Akila Weerapana, what is the importance of economic factors in the justification of violence? ANS:  Terrorist groups form because they are not happy with the economic status quo  The individual socioeconomic position of a single terrorist is less important than economic welfare and opportunity at large  Terrorists exhibit a collective frustration about poverty, whether or not they are impoverished 64   Consequently, they believe violence is justified to redress denial of economic opportunity Increased access to economic activity decreases the level of violence, and in contrast, decreased opportunities in high-income countries increase the probability of terrorism REF: p 40 Why does Laqueur (1999) state that it is impossible to profile a terrorist personality? Do you agree? Why or why not? ANS:        No one can develop a composite picture of a terrorist because no such terrorist exists Terrorism fluctuates over time and the profile of the terrorist changes with circumstances There can be no terrorist mosaic because there are different types of terrorism Most terrorists are young, but their actions and psychological makeup vary according to social and cultural conditions Nationalistic movements produce terrorists from the lower classes, but religious terrorists come from all classes Individual and group profiles are the result of political and social conditions Terrorism is not the subject of criminology; terrorism is a political phenomenon different from ordinary crime or psychopathology REF: p 40 10 OBJ: OBJ: Describe the factors involved in the development of terrorism as presented by Jeffrey Ross (1999) ANS:  Facilitating traits include fear, anger, depression, guilt, antisocial behavior, a strong ego, the need for excitement, and a feeling of being lost; the more of these traits a person exhibits, the more likely that the person will engage in terrorism  Frustration/narcissism-aggression means that a person has suffered a blow to the ego and reacts hostilely Frustration refers to aggression channeled toward another person or symbol  This, in turn, interacts with structural factors to cause more violence  Associational drives are developed in group settings; when potential terrorists perceive benefits from particular groups, they tend to join those groups Once inside, violent behavior is likely to increase because the group’s acts of terror reinforce it  The existence of groups that engage in acts of terrorism create an environment for teaching terrorism to others As learning opportunities increase, the amount of terrorism increases  Violence takes place after a cost-benefit analysis; terrorists evaluate whether the cost of an attack is worth the result REF: p 41 OBJ: 3, 5, and 65 .. international terrorism a Department of Homeland Security b Federation of Law Enforcement c National Counterterrorism Center d Joint Terrorism Task Forces ANS: c 28 OBJ: REF: p 37 OBJ: 3, and International.. one of the reasons for terrorism a Capitalism and poverty b Education and income c Modern values and traditional culture d Christianity and Islam ANS: c REF: p 29 OBJ: and 49 Of the top twenty.. local police commander handles the incident If the commander deems the action to be the result of political terrorism, the central government is informed, and the incident is handled on the prime